new

The new operator creates an instance of a user-defined object type or of one of the built-in object types that has a constructor function.

Syntax

new constructor[([arguments])]

Parameters

constructor

A function that specifies the type of the object instance.

arguments

A list of values that the constructor will be called with.

Description

Creating a user-defined object requires two steps:

1. Define the object type by writing a function.
2. Create an instance of the object with new.

To define an object type, create a function for the object type that specifies its name and properties. An object can have a property that is itself another object. See the examples below.

When the code new Foo(...) is executed, the following things happen:

1. A new object is created, inheriting from Foo.prototype.
2. The constructor function Foo is called with the specified arguments, and with this bound to the newly created object. new Foo is equivalent to new Foo(), i.e. if no argument list is specified, Foo is called without arguments.
3. The object returned by the constructor function becomes the result of the whole new expression. If the constructor function doesn't explicitly return an object, the object created in step 1 is used instead. (Normally constructors don't return a value, but they can choose to do so if they want to override the normal object creation process.)

You can always add a property to a previously defined object. For example, the statement car1.color = "black" adds a property color to car1, and assigns it a value of "black". However, this does not affect any other objects. To add the new property to all objects of the same type, you must add the property to the definition of the Car object type.

You can add a shared property to a previously defined object type by using the Function.prototype property. This defines a property that is shared by all objects created with that function, rather than by just one instance of the object type. The following code adds a color property with value null to all objects of type car, and then overwrites that value with the string "black" only in the instance object car1. For more information, see prototype.

function Car() {}
car1 = new Car();
 
console.log(car1.color);    // undefined
 
Car.prototype.color = null;
console.log(car1.color);    // null
 
car1.color = 'black';
console.log(car1.color);   // black

Examples

Object type and object instance

Suppose you want to create an object type for cars. You want this type of object to be called car, and you want it to have properties for make, model, and year. To do this, you would write the following function:

function Car(make, model, year) {
  this.make = make;
  this.model = model;
  this.year = year;
}

Now you can create an object called mycar as follows:

var mycar = new Car('Eagle', 'Talon TSi', 1993);

This statement creates mycar and assigns it the specified values for its properties. Then the value of mycar.make is the string "Eagle", mycar.year is the integer 1993, and so on.

You can create any number of car objects by calls to new. For example:

var kenscar = new Car('Nissan', '300ZX', 1992);

Object property that is itself another object

Suppose you define an object called person as follows:

function Person(name, age, sex) {
  this.name = name;
  this.age = age;
  this.sex = sex;
}

And then instantiate two new person objects as follows:

var rand = new Person('Rand McNally', 33, 'M');
var ken = new Person('Ken Jones', 39, 'M');

Then you can rewrite the definition of car to include an owner property that takes a person object, as follows:

function Car(make, model, year, owner) {
  this.make = make;
  this.model = model;
  this.year = year;
  this.owner = owner;
}

To instantiate the new objects, you then use the following:

var car1 = new Car('Eagle', 'Talon TSi', 1993, rand);
var car2 = new Car('Nissan', '300ZX', 1992, ken);

Instead of passing a literal string or integer value when creating the new objects, the above statements pass the objects rand and ken as the parameters for the owners. To find out the name of the owner of car2, you can access the following property:

car2.owner.name

Specifications

Specification	Status	Comment
ECMAScript 2017 Draft (ECMA-262) The definition of 'The new Operator' in that specification.	Draft
ECMAScript 2015 (6th Edition, ECMA-262) The definition of 'The new Operator' in that specification.	Standard
ECMAScript 5.1 (ECMA-262) The definition of 'The new Operator' in that specification.	Standard
ECMAScript 3rd Edition (ECMA-262) The definition of 'The new Operator' in that specification.	Standard
ECMAScript 1st Edition (ECMA-262) The definition of 'The new Operator' in that specification.	Standard	Initial definition. Implemented in JavaScript 1.0.

Browser compatibility

See also

• Function
• Reflect.construct()