Copyright	(c) The University of Glasgow 2001
License	BSD-style (see the file libraries/base/LICENSE)
Maintainer	[email protected]
Stability	stable
Portability	portable
Safe Haskell	Trustworthy
Language	Haskell2010

A directory contains a series of entries, each of which is a named reference to a file system object (file, directory etc.). Some entries may be hidden, inaccessible, or have some administrative function (e.g. . or `..' under POSIX http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/), but in this standard all such entries are considered to form part of the directory contents. Entries in sub-directories are not, however, considered to form part of the directory contents.

Each file system object is referenced by a path. There is normally at least one absolute path to each file system object. In some operating systems, it may also be possible to have paths which are relative to the current directory.

Actions on directories

createDirectory :: FilePath -> IO () Source

createDirectory dir creates a new directory dir which is initially empty, or as near to empty as the operating system allows.

The operation may fail with:

• isPermissionError / PermissionDenied The process has insufficient privileges to perform the operation. [EROFS, EACCES]
• isAlreadyExistsError / AlreadyExists The operand refers to a directory that already exists. [EEXIST]
• HardwareFault A physical I/O error has occurred. [EIO]
• InvalidArgument The operand is not a valid directory name. [ENAMETOOLONG, ELOOP]
• NoSuchThing There is no path to the directory. [ENOENT, ENOTDIR]
• ResourceExhausted Insufficient resources (virtual memory, process file descriptors, physical disk space, etc.) are available to perform the operation. [EDQUOT, ENOSPC, ENOMEM, EMLINK]
• InappropriateType The path refers to an existing non-directory object. [EEXIST]

createDirectoryIfMissing Source

createDirectoryIfMissing parents dir creates a new directory dir if it doesn't exist. If the first argument is True the function will also create all parent directories if they are missing.

removeDirectory :: FilePath -> IO () Source

removeDirectory dir removes an existing directory dir. The implementation may specify additional constraints which must be satisfied before a directory can be removed (e.g. the directory has to be empty, or may not be in use by other processes). It is not legal for an implementation to partially remove a directory unless the entire directory is removed. A conformant implementation need not support directory removal in all situations (e.g. removal of the root directory).

The operation may fail with:

• HardwareFault A physical I/O error has occurred. [EIO]
• InvalidArgument The operand is not a valid directory name. [ENAMETOOLONG, ELOOP]
• isDoesNotExistError / NoSuchThing The directory does not exist. [ENOENT, ENOTDIR]
• isPermissionError / PermissionDenied The process has insufficient privileges to perform the operation. [EROFS, EACCES, EPERM]
• UnsatisfiedConstraints Implementation-dependent constraints are not satisfied. [EBUSY, ENOTEMPTY, EEXIST]
• UnsupportedOperation The implementation does not support removal in this situation. [EINVAL]
• InappropriateType The operand refers to an existing non-directory object. [ENOTDIR]

removeDirectoryRecursive :: FilePath -> IO () Source

removeDirectoryRecursive dir removes an existing directory dir together with its contents and subdirectories. Symbolic links are removed without affecting their the targets.

renameDirectory :: FilePath -> FilePath -> IO () Source

renameDirectory old new changes the name of an existing directory from old to new. If the new directory already exists, it is atomically replaced by the old directory. If the new directory is neither the old directory nor an alias of the old directory, it is removed as if by removeDirectory. A conformant implementation need not support renaming directories in all situations (e.g. renaming to an existing directory, or across different physical devices), but the constraints must be documented.

On Win32 platforms, renameDirectory fails if the new directory already exists.

The operation may fail with:

• HardwareFault A physical I/O error has occurred. [EIO]
• InvalidArgument Either operand is not a valid directory name. [ENAMETOOLONG, ELOOP]
• isDoesNotExistError / NoSuchThing The original directory does not exist, or there is no path to the target. [ENOENT, ENOTDIR]
• isPermissionError / PermissionDenied The process has insufficient privileges to perform the operation. [EROFS, EACCES, EPERM]
• ResourceExhausted Insufficient resources are available to perform the operation. [EDQUOT, ENOSPC, ENOMEM, EMLINK]
• UnsatisfiedConstraints Implementation-dependent constraints are not satisfied. [EBUSY, ENOTEMPTY, EEXIST]
• UnsupportedOperation The implementation does not support renaming in this situation. [EINVAL, EXDEV]
• InappropriateType Either path refers to an existing non-directory object. [ENOTDIR, EISDIR]

getDirectoryContents :: FilePath -> IO [FilePath] Source

getDirectoryContents dir returns a list of all entries in dir.

The operation may fail with:

• HardwareFault A physical I/O error has occurred. [EIO]
• InvalidArgument The operand is not a valid directory name. [ENAMETOOLONG, ELOOP]
• isDoesNotExistError / NoSuchThing The directory does not exist. [ENOENT, ENOTDIR]
• isPermissionError / PermissionDenied The process has insufficient privileges to perform the operation. [EACCES]
• ResourceExhausted Insufficient resources are available to perform the operation. [EMFILE, ENFILE]
• InappropriateType The path refers to an existing non-directory object. [ENOTDIR]

getCurrentDirectory :: IO FilePath Source

If the operating system has a notion of current directories, getCurrentDirectory returns an absolute path to the current directory of the calling process.

The operation may fail with:

• HardwareFault A physical I/O error has occurred. [EIO]
• isDoesNotExistError / NoSuchThing There is no path referring to the current directory. [EPERM, ENOENT, ESTALE...]
• isPermissionError / PermissionDenied The process has insufficient privileges to perform the operation. [EACCES]
• ResourceExhausted Insufficient resources are available to perform the operation.
• UnsupportedOperation The operating system has no notion of current directory.

Note that in a concurrent program, the current directory is global state shared between all threads of the process. When using filesystem operations from multiple threads, it is therefore highly recommended to use absolute rather than relative FilePaths.

setCurrentDirectory :: FilePath -> IO () Source

If the operating system has a notion of current directories, setCurrentDirectory dir changes the current directory of the calling process to dir.

The operation may fail with:

• HardwareFault A physical I/O error has occurred. [EIO]
• InvalidArgument The operand is not a valid directory name. [ENAMETOOLONG, ELOOP]
• isDoesNotExistError / NoSuchThing The directory does not exist. [ENOENT, ENOTDIR]
• isPermissionError / PermissionDenied The process has insufficient privileges to perform the operation. [EACCES]
• UnsupportedOperation The operating system has no notion of current directory, or the current directory cannot be dynamically changed.
• InappropriateType The path refers to an existing non-directory object. [ENOTDIR]

Note that in a concurrent program, the current directory is global state shared between all threads of the process. When using filesystem operations from multiple threads, it is therefore highly recommended to use absolute rather than relative FilePaths.

Pre-defined directories

getHomeDirectory :: IO FilePath Source

Returns the current user's home directory.

The directory returned is expected to be writable by the current user, but note that it isn't generally considered good practice to store application-specific data here; use getAppUserDataDirectory instead.

On Unix, getHomeDirectory returns the value of the HOME environment variable. On Windows, the system is queried for a suitable path; a typical path might be C:/Documents And Settings/user.

The operation may fail with:

• UnsupportedOperation The operating system has no notion of home directory.
• isDoesNotExistError The home directory for the current user does not exist, or cannot be found.

getAppUserDataDirectory :: String -> IO FilePath Source

Returns the pathname of a directory in which application-specific data for the current user can be stored. The result of getAppUserDataDirectory for a given application is specific to the current user.

The argument should be the name of the application, which will be used to construct the pathname (so avoid using unusual characters that might result in an invalid pathname).

Note: the directory may not actually exist, and may need to be created first. It is expected that the parent directory exists and is writable.

On Unix, this function returns $HOME/.appName. On Windows, a typical path might be

C:/Users/user/AppData/Roaming/appName

The operation may fail with:

• UnsupportedOperation The operating system has no notion of application-specific data directory.
• isDoesNotExistError The home directory for the current user does not exist, or cannot be found.

getUserDocumentsDirectory :: IO FilePath Source

Returns the current user's document directory.

The directory returned is expected to be writable by the current user, but note that it isn't generally considered good practice to store application-specific data here; use getAppUserDataDirectory instead.

On Unix, getUserDocumentsDirectory returns the value of the HOME environment variable. On Windows, the system is queried for a suitable path; a typical path might be C:/Documents And Settings/user/My Documents.

The operation may fail with:

• UnsupportedOperation The operating system has no notion of document directory.
• isDoesNotExistError The document directory for the current user does not exist, or cannot be found.

getTemporaryDirectory :: IO FilePath Source

Returns the current directory for temporary files.

On Unix, getTemporaryDirectory returns the value of the TMPDIR environment variable or "/tmp" if the variable isn't defined. On Windows, the function checks for the existence of environment variables in the following order and uses the first path found:

• TMP environment variable.
• TEMP environment variable.
• USERPROFILE environment variable.
• The Windows directory

The operation may fail with:

• UnsupportedOperation The operating system has no notion of temporary directory.

The function doesn't verify whether the path exists.

Actions on files

removeFile :: FilePath -> IO () Source

removeFile file removes the directory entry for an existing file file, where file is not itself a directory. The implementation may specify additional constraints which must be satisfied before a file can be removed (e.g. the file may not be in use by other processes).

The operation may fail with:

• HardwareFault A physical I/O error has occurred. [EIO]
• InvalidArgument The operand is not a valid file name. [ENAMETOOLONG, ELOOP]
• isDoesNotExistError / NoSuchThing The file does not exist. [ENOENT, ENOTDIR]
• isPermissionError / PermissionDenied The process has insufficient privileges to perform the operation. [EROFS, EACCES, EPERM]
• UnsatisfiedConstraints Implementation-dependent constraints are not satisfied. [EBUSY]
• InappropriateType The operand refers to an existing directory. [EPERM, EINVAL]

renameFile :: FilePath -> FilePath -> IO () Source

renameFile old new changes the name of an existing file system object from old to new. If the new object already exists, it is atomically replaced by the old object. Neither path may refer to an existing directory. A conformant implementation need not support renaming files in all situations (e.g. renaming across different physical devices), but the constraints must be documented.

The operation may fail with:

• HardwareFault A physical I/O error has occurred. [EIO]
• InvalidArgument Either operand is not a valid file name. [ENAMETOOLONG, ELOOP]
• isDoesNotExistError / NoSuchThing The original file does not exist, or there is no path to the target. [ENOENT, ENOTDIR]
• isPermissionError / PermissionDenied The process has insufficient privileges to perform the operation. [EROFS, EACCES, EPERM]
• ResourceExhausted Insufficient resources are available to perform the operation. [EDQUOT, ENOSPC, ENOMEM, EMLINK]
• UnsatisfiedConstraints Implementation-dependent constraints are not satisfied. [EBUSY]
• UnsupportedOperation The implementation does not support renaming in this situation. [EXDEV]
• InappropriateType Either path refers to an existing directory. [ENOTDIR, EISDIR, EINVAL, EEXIST, ENOTEMPTY]

copyFile :: FilePath -> FilePath -> IO () Source

copyFile old new copies the existing file from old to new. If the new file already exists, it is atomically replaced by the old file. Neither path may refer to an existing directory. The permissions of old are copied to new, if possible.

canonicalizePath :: FilePath -> IO FilePath Source

Canonicalize the path of an existing file or directory. The intent is that two paths referring to the same file/directory will map to the same canonicalized path.

Note: if you only require an absolute path, consider using makeAbsolute instead, which is more reliable and does not have unspecified behavior on nonexistent paths.

It is impossible to guarantee that the implication (same file/dir <=> same canonicalized path) holds in either direction: this function can make only a best-effort attempt.

The precise behaviour is that of the POSIX realpath function (or GetFullPathNameW on Windows). In particular, the behaviour on paths that don't exist can vary from platform to platform. Some platforms do not alter the input, some do, and some throw an exception.

An empty path is considered to be equivalent to the current directory.

Known bug(s): on Windows, this function does not resolve symbolic links.

makeAbsolute :: FilePath -> IO FilePath Source

Make a path absolute by prepending the current directory (if it isn't already absolute) and applying normalise to the result.

The operation may fail with the same exceptions as getCurrentDirectory.

Since: 1.2.2.0

makeRelativeToCurrentDirectory :: FilePath -> IO FilePath Source

makeRelative the current directory.

findExecutable :: String -> IO (Maybe FilePath) Source

Given an executable file name, searches for such file in the directories listed in system PATH. The returned value is the path to the found executable or Nothing if an executable with the given name was not found. For example (findExecutable "ghc") gives you the path to GHC.

The path returned by findExecutable corresponds to the program that would be executed by createProcess when passed the same string (as a RawCommand, not a ShellCommand).

On Windows, findExecutable calls the Win32 function SearchPath, which may search other places before checking the directories in PATH. Where it actually searches depends on registry settings, but notably includes the directory containing the current executable. See http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365527.aspx for more details.

findExecutables :: String -> IO [FilePath] Source

Given a file name, searches for the file and returns a list of all occurences that are executable.

Since: 1.2.2.0

findFile :: [FilePath] -> String -> IO (Maybe FilePath) Source

Search through the given set of directories for the given file. Used by findExecutable on non-windows platforms.

findFiles :: [FilePath] -> String -> IO [FilePath] Source

Search through the given set of directories for the given file and returns a list of paths where the given file exists.

Since: 1.2.1.0

findFilesWith :: (FilePath -> IO Bool) -> [FilePath] -> String -> IO [FilePath] Source

Search through the given set of directories for the given file and with the given property (usually permissions) and returns a list of paths where the given file exists and has the property.

Since: 1.2.1.0

Existence tests

doesFileExist :: FilePath -> IO Bool Source

The operation doesFileExist returns True if the argument file exists and is not a directory, and False otherwise.

doesDirectoryExist :: FilePath -> IO Bool Source

The operation doesDirectoryExist returns True if the argument file exists and is either a directory or a symbolic link to a directory, and False otherwise.

Permissions

The Permissions type is used to record whether certain operations are permissible on a file/directory. getPermissions and setPermissions get and set these permissions, respectively. Permissions apply both to files and directories. For directories, the executable field will be False, and for files the searchable field will be False. Note that directories may be searchable without being readable, if permission has been given to use them as part of a path, but not to examine the directory contents.

Note that to change some, but not all permissions, a construct on the following lines must be used.

 makeReadable f = do
    p <- getPermissions f
    setPermissions f (p {readable = True})

data Permissions Source

emptyPermissions :: Permissions Source

readable :: Permissions -> Bool Source

writable :: Permissions -> Bool Source

executable :: Permissions -> Bool Source

searchable :: Permissions -> Bool Source

setOwnerReadable :: Bool -> Permissions -> Permissions Source

setOwnerWritable :: Bool -> Permissions -> Permissions Source

setOwnerExecutable :: Bool -> Permissions -> Permissions Source

setOwnerSearchable :: Bool -> Permissions -> Permissions Source

getPermissions :: FilePath -> IO Permissions Source

The getPermissions operation returns the permissions for the file or directory.

The operation may fail with:

• isPermissionError if the user is not permitted to access the permissions; or
• isDoesNotExistError if the file or directory does not exist.

setPermissions :: FilePath -> Permissions -> IO () Source

The setPermissions operation sets the permissions for the file or directory.

The operation may fail with:

• isPermissionError if the user is not permitted to set the permissions; or
• isDoesNotExistError if the file or directory does not exist.

copyPermissions :: FilePath -> FilePath -> IO () Source

Timestamps

getModificationTime :: FilePath -> IO UTCTime Source

The getModificationTime operation returns the clock time at which the file or directory was last modified.

The operation may fail with:

• isPermissionError if the user is not permitted to access the modification time; or
• isDoesNotExistError if the file or directory does not exist.

Note: This function returns a timestamp with sub-second resolution only if this package is compiled against unix-2.6.0.0 or later for unix systems, and Win32-2.3.1.0 or later for windows systems. Of course this also requires that the underlying file system supports such high resolution timestamps.