Package driver defines interfaces to be implemented by database drivers as used by package sql.
Most code should use package sql.
Bool is a ValueConverter that converts input values to bools.
The conversion rules are:
- booleans are returned unchanged
- for integer types,
1 is true
0 is false,
other integers are an error
- for strings and []byte, same rules as strconv.ParseBool
- all other types are an error
var Bool boolType
DefaultParameterConverter is the default implementation of ValueConverter that's used when a Stmt doesn't implement ColumnConverter.
DefaultParameterConverter returns its argument directly if IsValue(arg). Otherwise, if the argument implements Valuer, its Value method is used to return a Value. As a fallback, the provided argument's underlying type is used to convert it to a Value: underlying integer types are converted to int64, floats to float64, bool, string, and []byte to themselves. If the argument is a nil pointer, ConvertValue returns a nil Value. If the argument is a non-nil pointer, it is dereferenced and ConvertValue is called recursively. Other types are an error.
var DefaultParameterConverter defaultConverter
ErrBadConn should be returned by a driver to signal to the sql package that a driver.Conn is in a bad state (such as the server having earlier closed the connection) and the sql package should retry on a new connection.
To prevent duplicate operations, ErrBadConn should NOT be returned if there's a possibility that the database server might have performed the operation. Even if the server sends back an error, you shouldn't return ErrBadConn.
var ErrBadConn = errors.New("driver: bad connection") ErrSkip may be returned by some optional interfaces' methods to indicate at runtime that the fast path is unavailable and the sql package should continue as if the optional interface was not implemented. ErrSkip is only supported where explicitly documented.
var ErrSkip = errors.New("driver: skip fast-path; continue as if unimplemented") Int32 is a ValueConverter that converts input values to int64, respecting the limits of an int32 value.
var Int32 int32Type
ResultNoRows is a pre-defined Result for drivers to return when a DDL command (such as a CREATE TABLE) succeeds. It returns an error for both LastInsertId and RowsAffected.
var ResultNoRows noRows
String is a ValueConverter that converts its input to a string. If the value is already a string or []byte, it's unchanged. If the value is of another type, conversion to string is done with fmt.Sprintf("%v", v).
var String stringType
func IsScanValue(v interface{}) bool IsScanValue is equivalent to IsValue. It exists for compatibility.
func IsValue(v interface{}) bool IsValue reports whether v is a valid Value parameter type.
ColumnConverter may be optionally implemented by Stmt if the statement is aware of its own columns' types and can convert from any type to a driver Value.
type ColumnConverter interface {
// ColumnConverter returns a ValueConverter for the provided
// column index. If the type of a specific column isn't known
// or shouldn't be handled specially, DefaultValueConverter
// can be returned.
ColumnConverter(idx int) ValueConverter
} Conn is a connection to a database. It is not used concurrently by multiple goroutines.
Conn is assumed to be stateful.
type Conn interface {
// Prepare returns a prepared statement, bound to this connection.
Prepare(query string) (Stmt, error)
// Close invalidates and potentially stops any current
// prepared statements and transactions, marking this
// connection as no longer in use.
//
// Because the sql package maintains a free pool of
// connections and only calls Close when there's a surplus of
// idle connections, it shouldn't be necessary for drivers to
// do their own connection caching.
Close() error
// Begin starts and returns a new transaction.
//
// Deprecated: Drivers should implement ConnBeginTx instead (or additionally).
Begin() (Tx, error)
} ConnBeginTx enhances the Conn interface with context and TxOptions.
type ConnBeginTx interface {
// BeginTx starts and returns a new transaction.
// If the context is canceled by the user the sql package will
// call Tx.Rollback before discarding and closing the connection.
//
// This must check opts.Isolation to determine if there is a set
// isolation level. If the driver does not support a non-default
// level and one is set or if there is a non-default isolation level
// that is not supported, an error must be returned.
//
// This must also check opts.ReadOnly to determine if the read-only
// value is true to either set the read-only transaction property if supported
// or return an error if it is not supported.
BeginTx(ctx context.Context, opts TxOptions) (Tx, error)
} ConnPrepareContext enhances the Conn interface with context.
type ConnPrepareContext interface {
// PrepareContext returns a prepared statement, bound to this connection.
// context is for the preparation of the statement,
// it must not store the context within the statement itself.
PrepareContext(ctx context.Context, query string) (Stmt, error)
} Driver is the interface that must be implemented by a database driver.
type Driver interface {
// Open returns a new connection to the database.
// The name is a string in a driver-specific format.
//
// Open may return a cached connection (one previously
// closed), but doing so is unnecessary; the sql package
// maintains a pool of idle connections for efficient re-use.
//
// The returned connection is only used by one goroutine at a
// time.
Open(name string) (Conn, error)
} Execer is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn.
If a Conn does not implement Execer, the sql package's DB.Exec will first prepare a query, execute the statement, and then close the statement.
Exec may return ErrSkip.
Deprecated: Drivers should implement ExecerContext instead (or additionally).
type Execer interface {
Exec(query string, args []Value) (Result, error)
} ExecerContext is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn.
If a Conn does not implement ExecerContext, the sql package's DB.Exec will first prepare a query, execute the statement, and then close the statement.
ExecerContext may return ErrSkip.
ExecerContext must honor the context timeout and return when the context is canceled.
type ExecerContext interface {
ExecContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args []NamedValue) (Result, error)
} IsolationLevel is the transaction isolation level stored in TxOptions.
This type should be considered identical to sql.IsolationLevel along with any values defined on it.
type IsolationLevel int
NamedValue holds both the value name and value.
type NamedValue struct {
// If the Name is not empty it should be used for the parameter identifier and
// not the ordinal position.
//
// Name will not have a symbol prefix.
Name string
// Ordinal position of the parameter starting from one and is always set.
Ordinal int
// Value is the parameter value.
Value Value
} NotNull is a type that implements ValueConverter by disallowing nil values but otherwise delegating to another ValueConverter.
type NotNull struct {
Converter ValueConverter
} func (n NotNull) ConvertValue(v interface{}) (Value, error) Null is a type that implements ValueConverter by allowing nil values but otherwise delegating to another ValueConverter.
type Null struct {
Converter ValueConverter
} func (n Null) ConvertValue(v interface{}) (Value, error) Pinger is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn.
If a Conn does not implement Pinger, the sql package's DB.Ping and DB.PingContext will check if there is at least one Conn available.
If Conn.Ping returns ErrBadConn, DB.Ping and DB.PingContext will remove the Conn from pool.
type Pinger interface {
Ping(ctx context.Context) error
} Queryer is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn.
If a Conn does not implement Queryer, the sql package's DB.Query will first prepare a query, execute the statement, and then close the statement.
Query may return ErrSkip.
Deprecated: Drivers should implement QueryerContext instead (or additionally).
type Queryer interface {
Query(query string, args []Value) (Rows, error)
} QueryerContext is an optional interface that may be implemented by a Conn.
If a Conn does not implement QueryerContext, the sql package's DB.Query will first prepare a query, execute the statement, and then close the statement.
QueryerContext may return ErrSkip.
QueryerContext must honor the context timeout and return when the context is canceled.
type QueryerContext interface {
QueryContext(ctx context.Context, query string, args []NamedValue) (Rows, error)
} Result is the result of a query execution.
type Result interface {
// LastInsertId returns the database's auto-generated ID
// after, for example, an INSERT into a table with primary
// key.
LastInsertId() (int64, error)
// RowsAffected returns the number of rows affected by the
// query.
RowsAffected() (int64, error)
} Rows is an iterator over an executed query's results.
type Rows interface {
// Columns returns the names of the columns. The number of
// columns of the result is inferred from the length of the
// slice. If a particular column name isn't known, an empty
// string should be returned for that entry.
Columns() []string
// Close closes the rows iterator.
Close() error
// Next is called to populate the next row of data into
// the provided slice. The provided slice will be the same
// size as the Columns() are wide.
//
// Next should return io.EOF when there are no more rows.
Next(dest []Value) error
} RowsAffected implements Result for an INSERT or UPDATE operation which mutates a number of rows.
type RowsAffected int64
func (RowsAffected) LastInsertId() (int64, error)
func (v RowsAffected) RowsAffected() (int64, error)
RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName may be implemented by Rows. It should return the database system type name without the length. Type names should be uppercase. Examples of returned types: "VARCHAR", "NVARCHAR", "VARCHAR2", "CHAR", "TEXT", "DECIMAL", "SMALLINT", "INT", "BIGINT", "BOOL", "[]BIGINT", "JSONB", "XML", "TIMESTAMP".
type RowsColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName interface {
Rows
ColumnTypeDatabaseTypeName(index int) string
} RowsColumnTypeLength may be implemented by Rows. It should return the length of the column type if the column is a variable length type. If the column is not a variable length type ok should return false. If length is not limited other than system limits, it should return math.MaxInt64. The following are examples of returned values for various types:
TEXT (math.MaxInt64, true) varchar(10) (10, true) nvarchar(10) (10, true) decimal (0, false) int (0, false) bytea(30) (30, true)
type RowsColumnTypeLength interface {
Rows
ColumnTypeLength(index int) (length int64, ok bool)
} RowsColumnTypeNullable may be implemented by Rows. The nullable value should be true if it is known the column may be null, or false if the column is known to be not nullable. If the column nullability is unknown, ok should be false.
type RowsColumnTypeNullable interface {
Rows
ColumnTypeNullable(index int) (nullable, ok bool)
} RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale may be implemented by Rows. It should return the precision and scale for decimal types. If not applicable, ok should be false. The following are examples of returned values for various types:
decimal(38, 4) (38, 4, true) int (0, 0, false) decimal (math.MaxInt64, math.MaxInt64, true)
type RowsColumnTypePrecisionScale interface {
Rows
ColumnTypePrecisionScale(index int) (precision, scale int64, ok bool)
} RowsColumnTypeScanType may be implemented by Rows. It should return the value type that can be used to scan types into. For example, the database column type "bigint" this should return "reflect.TypeOf(int64(0))".
type RowsColumnTypeScanType interface {
Rows
ColumnTypeScanType(index int) reflect.Type
} RowsNextResultSet extends the Rows interface by providing a way to signal the driver to advance to the next result set.
type RowsNextResultSet interface {
Rows
// HasNextResultSet is called at the end of the current result set and
// reports whether there is another result set after the current one.
HasNextResultSet() bool
// NextResultSet advances the driver to the next result set even
// if there are remaining rows in the current result set.
//
// NextResultSet should return io.EOF when there are no more result sets.
NextResultSet() error
} Stmt is a prepared statement. It is bound to a Conn and not used by multiple goroutines concurrently.
type Stmt interface {
// Close closes the statement.
//
// As of Go 1.1, a Stmt will not be closed if it's in use
// by any queries.
Close() error
// NumInput returns the number of placeholder parameters.
//
// If NumInput returns >= 0, the sql package will sanity check
// argument counts from callers and return errors to the caller
// before the statement's Exec or Query methods are called.
//
// NumInput may also return -1, if the driver doesn't know
// its number of placeholders. In that case, the sql package
// will not sanity check Exec or Query argument counts.
NumInput() int
// Exec executes a query that doesn't return rows, such
// as an INSERT or UPDATE.
//
// Deprecated: Drivers should implement StmtExecContext instead (or additionally).
Exec(args []Value) (Result, error)
// Query executes a query that may return rows, such as a
// SELECT.
//
// Deprecated: Drivers should implement StmtQueryContext instead (or additionally).
Query(args []Value) (Rows, error)
} StmtExecContext enhances the Stmt interface by providing Exec with context.
type StmtExecContext interface {
// ExecContext executes a query that doesn't return rows, such
// as an INSERT or UPDATE.
//
// ExecContext must honor the context timeout and return when it is canceled.
ExecContext(ctx context.Context, args []NamedValue) (Result, error)
} StmtQueryContext enhances the Stmt interface by providing Query with context.
type StmtQueryContext interface {
// QueryContext executes a query that may return rows, such as a
// SELECT.
//
// QueryContext must honor the context timeout and return when it is canceled.
QueryContext(ctx context.Context, args []NamedValue) (Rows, error)
} Tx is a transaction.
type Tx interface {
Commit() error
Rollback() error
} TxOptions holds the transaction options.
This type should be considered identical to sql.TxOptions.
type TxOptions struct {
Isolation IsolationLevel
ReadOnly bool
} Value is a value that drivers must be able to handle. It is either nil or an instance of one of these types:
int64 float64 bool []byte string time.Time
type Value interface{} ValueConverter is the interface providing the ConvertValue method.
Various implementations of ValueConverter are provided by the driver package to provide consistent implementations of conversions between drivers. The ValueConverters have several uses:
* converting from the Value types as provided by the sql package into a database table's specific column type and making sure it fits, such as making sure a particular int64 fits in a table's uint16 column. * converting a value as given from the database into one of the driver Value types. * by the sql package, for converting from a driver's Value type to a user's type in a scan.
type ValueConverter interface {
// ConvertValue converts a value to a driver Value.
ConvertValue(v interface{}) (Value, error)
} Valuer is the interface providing the Value method.
Types implementing Valuer interface are able to convert themselves to a driver Value.
type Valuer interface {
// Value returns a driver Value.
Value() (Value, error)
}
© Google, Inc.
Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0.
https://golang.org/pkg/database/sql/driver/