std::remquo

float       remquo( float x, float y, int* quo );

double      remquo( double x, double y, int* quo );

long double remquo( long double x, long double y, int* quo );

Promoted    remquo( Arithmetic1 x, Arithmetic2 y, int* quo );

Parameters

Return value

If successful, returns the floating-point remainder of the division x/y as defined in std::remainder, and stores, in *quo, the sign and at least three of the least significant bits of x/y (formally, stores a value whose sign is the sign of x/y and whose magnitude is congruent modulo 2n
to the magnitude of the integral quotient of x/y, where n is an implementation-defined integer greater than or equal to 3).

If y is zero, the value stored in *quo is unspecified.

If a domain error occurs, an implementation-defined value is returned (NaN where supported).

If a range error occurs due to underflow, the correct result is returned if subnormals are supported.

If y is zero, but the domain error does not occur, zero is returned.

Error handling

Errors are reported as specified in math_errhandling.

Domain error may occur if y is zero.

If the implementation supports IEEE floating-point arithmetic (IEC 60559),

• The current rounding mode has no effect.
• FE_INEXACT is never raised
• If x is ±∞ and y is not NaN, NaN is returned and FE_INVALID is raised
• If y is ±0 and x is not NaN, NaN is returned and FE_INVALID is raised
• If either x or y is NaN, NaN is returned

Notes

POSIX requires that a domain error occurs if x is infinite or y is zero.

This function is useful when implementing periodic functions with the period exactly representable as a floating-point value: when calculating sin(πx) for a very large x, calling std::sin directly may result in a large error, but if the function argument is first reduced with std::remquo, the low-order bits of the quotient may be used to determine the sign and the octant of the result within the period, while the remainder may be used to calculate the value with high precision.

On some platforms this operation is supported by hardware (and, for example, on Intel CPUs, FPREM1 leaves exactly 3 bits of precision in the quotient when complete).

Example

#include <iostream>
#include <cmath>
#include <cfenv>
 
#pragma STDC FENV_ACCESS ON
const double pi = std::acos(-1);
double cos_pi_x_naive(double x) { return std::cos(pi * x); }
// the period is 2, values are (0;0.5) positive, (0.5;1.5) negative, (1.5,2) positive
double cos_pi_x_smart(double x)
{
    int quadrant;
    double rem = std::remquo(x, 1, &quadrant);
    quadrant = (unsigned)quadrant % 4; // keep 2 bits to determine quadrant
    switch(quadrant) {
        case 0: return std::cos(pi * rem);
        case 1: return -std::cos(pi * rem);
        case 2: return -std::cos(pi * rem);
        case 3: return std::cos(pi * rem);
    };
}
int main()
{
    std::cout << "cos(pi * 0.25) = " << cos_pi_x_naive(0.25) << '\n'
              << "cos(pi * 1.25) = " << cos_pi_x_naive(1.25) << '\n'
              << "cos(pi * 1000000000000.25) = "
              << cos_pi_x_naive(1000000000000.25) << '\n'
              << "cos(pi * 1000000000001.25) = "
              << cos_pi_x_naive(1000000000001.25) << '\n'
              << "cos(pi * 1000000000000.25) = "
              << cos_pi_x_smart(1000000000000.25) << '\n'
              << "cos(pi * 1000000000001.25) = "
              << cos_pi_x_smart(1000000000001.25) << '\n';
    // error handling
    std::feclearexcept(FE_ALL_EXCEPT);
    int quo;
    std::cout << "remquo(+Inf, 1) = " << std::remquo(INFINITY, 1, &quo) << '\n';
    if(fetestexcept(FE_INVALID)) std::cout << "    FE_INVALID raised\n";
}

cos(pi * 0.25) = 0.707107
cos(pi * 1.25) = -0.707107
cos(pi * 1000000000000.25) = 0.707123
cos(pi * 1000000000001.25) = -0.707117
cos(pi * 1000000000000.25) = 0.707107
cos(pi * 1000000000001.25) = -0.707107 
remquo(+Inf, 1) = -nan
    FE_INVALID raised

See also