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Numerics library

The C++ numerics library includes common mathematical functions and types, as well as optimized numeric arrays and support for random number generation.

Common mathematical functions

The header cmath provides standard C library mathematical functions such as std::fabs, std::sqrt, and std::sin.

Mathematical special functions

The header cmath also provides mathematical special functions such as std::beta, std::hermite, and std::cyl_bessel_i.

(since C++17)

Complex numbers

Defined in header `<complex>`
complex	a complex number type (class template)

Numeric arrays

Defined in header `<valarray>`
valarray	numeric arrays and array slices (class template)

Numeric algorithms

Defined in header `<numeric>`
gcd (C++17)	`constexpr` function template returning the greatest common divisor of two integers (function template)
lcm (C++17)	`constexpr` function template returning the least common multiple of two integers (function template)

Generic numeric operations

Defined in header `<numeric>`
iota (C++11)	fills a range with successive increments of the starting value (function template)
accumulate	sums up a range of elements (function template)
reduce (C++17)	similar to `std::accumulate`, except out of order (function template)
transform_reduce (C++17)	applies a functor, then reduces out of order (function template)
inner_product	computes the inner product of two ranges of elements (function template)
adjacent_difference	computes the differences between adjacent elements in a range (function template)
partial_sum	computes the partial sum of a range of elements (function template)
inclusive_scan (C++17)	similar to `std::partial_sum`, includes the ith input element in the ith sum (function template)
exclusive_scan (C++17)	similar to `std::partial_sum`, excludes the ith input element from the ith sum (function template)
transform_inclusive_scan (C++17)	applies a functor, then calculates inclusive scan (function template)
transform_exclusive_scan (C++17)	applies a functor, then calculates exclusive scan (function template)

Pseudo-random number generation

The header random defines pseudo-random number generators and numerical distributions. The header cstdlib also includes C-style random number generation via std::srand and std::rand.

Compile time rational arithmetic (since C++11)

The header ratio provides types and functions for manipulating and storing compile-time ratios.

Floating-point environment(since C++11)

The header cfenv defines flags and functions related to exceptional floating-point state, such as overflow and division by zero.